Technology

Does Testosterone Cream Raise Blood Pressure

Does Testosterone Cream Raise Blood Pressure

@American_Heart/Twitter

Blood pressure is one of the many measures of good health. Specifically, it relates to the amount of force needed to move your blood filled with oxygen, antibodies and nutrients through your body to reach all your vital organs. Maintaining your blood pressure at the optimal level is important for your overall health. A person with high blood pressure is more likely to experience a number of serious health issues, including heart attack, stroke and kidney disease.

Doctors or other health professionals measure your blood pressure anytime you visit your doctor's office or other medical facility. That alone should tell you the significance of healthy blood pressure. Fortunately, you can also monitor this critical function yourself at home, but if you want to be able to spot a potential problem, then you need to understand what your blood pressure levels mean.

The device used to measure blood pressure is called a sphygmomanometer, and it measures it in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), which is a common type of scientific measurement for pressure. Even with the use of new digital automated blood pressure monitors, that standard measurement remains the same for blood pressure readings.

Blood pressure measurements include two different numbers that are written like a fraction. Systolic pressure, which represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats, is the number on top. Diastolic pressure, which represents the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats, is the number on bottom. The two numbers are evaluated together to determine if your blood pressure is normal, low or high.

Normal Blood Pressure vs. High Blood Pressure

The American Heart Association sets the guidelines for what constitutes normal blood pressure and high blood pressure, officially known as hypertension. Your blood pressure is classified as normal if the systolic pressure ranges from 90 to 120 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure ranges from 60 to 80 mm Hg. Elevated blood pressure occurs when the systolic pressure measures from 120 to 129 mm Hg, but the diastolic pressure remains below 80 mm Hg.

If your systolic blood pressure measures between 130 and 139 mm Hg and your diastolic pressure is between 80 and 89 mm Hg, you are considered to have stage 1 hypertension. Stage 2 hypertension occurs when the systolic pressure rises to 140 mm Hg or higher and the diastolic pressure measures 90 mm Hg or higher. If your systolic pressure rises above 180 mm Hg and your diastolic pressure goes above 120 mm Hg, it is considered a hypertensive crisis and requires immediate medical attention.

The Dangers of High Blood Pressure

Hypertension potentially leads to other health problems, so it's important to check your blood pressure regularly to detect it. Because it often doesn't have symptoms until it causes a hypertensive crisis, it's known as "the silent killer." In the most extreme cases, high blood pressure can lead to a heart attack, stroke and possibly even death from those and other conditions. Long-term heart disease can occur when your blood pressure remains high for a long time, especially after age 50. High blood pressure also affects kidney function, vision and your general physical health on a daily basis.

Treating Hypertension

Doctors generally offer a number of solutions to help you maintain your blood pressure at a normal level. The most common way doctors treat high blood pressure that is already classified as stage 2 hypertension is with medication. Daily medications that can help lower your blood pressure include beta blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors.

If your high blood pressure is at a lower stage, your doctor may start by recommending you implement various lifestyle changes to help lower your blood pressure. Weight loss, exercise and healthy eating habits are just a few of the lifestyle changes your doctor may recommend, depending on your personal circumstances. These types of changes are also recommended, even if you take medication. You will achieve the best results by following the guidance of your doctor.

The Dangers of Low Blood Pressure

Much less attention is paid to low blood pressure, which is clinically known as hypotension, but it's also important to see a doctor if your blood pressure is abnormally low. While high blood pressure can often go undetected until it causes other health problems, low blood pressure often has symptoms that are impossible to miss. Signs of low blood pressure include dizziness, blurry vision, clammy skin, fainting, chest pain, balance issues and headaches.

In some cases, low blood pressure occurs for a temporary reason, such as pregnancy, dehydration or a medication that can be adjusted or changed. It can also be caused by various health conditions, including infections, poor circulation and diabetes. In the worst cases, it could indicate underlying heart problems, blood loss and serious endocrine problems.

Implementing a Healthy Lifestyle

If you establish healthy lifestyle habits, you may be able to control your blood pressure and improve your health in other ways as well. Maintaining a healthy weight is one of the best things you can do to regulate blood pressure, and following a healthy eating plan can help you achieve that. A diet that includes plenty of vegetables, fruits and low-fat dairy is important, and curbing sodium intake is crucial if you have hypertension. If you can add 30 minutes of aerobic exercise — even a brisk walk — into your day, this will also help with weight loss. Moderating your alcohol intake is another way to improve your weight, blood pressure and overall health.

Resource Links:

https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/why-high-blood-pressure-is-a-silent-killer

https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure/what-is-high-blood-pressure

https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/understanding-blood-pressure-readings

https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/why-high-blood-pressure-is-a-silent-killer/know-your-risk-factors-for-high-blood-pressure

https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/the-facts-about-high-blood-pressure/low-blood-pressure-when-blood-pressure-is-too-low

https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/changes-you-can-make-to-manage-high-blood-pressure

MORE FROM SYMPTOMFIND.COM

Does Testosterone Cream Raise Blood Pressure

Source: https://www.symptomfind.com/health/understanding-your-blood-pressure-levels?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740013%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex

Kmart Vitamin C

Kmart Vitamin C

Photo Courtesy: Dougal Waters/DigitalVision/Getty Images

Vitamin E is a compound that plays many important roles in your body and provides multiple health benefits. In order to maintain healthy levels of vitamin E, you need to ingest it through food or consume it as an oral supplement. Read on to find out which foods are recommended sources of this essential nutrient, along with other basics to know about vitamin E.

Vitamin E is classified as an antioxidant. This means that vitamin E helps to destroy harmful compounds called free radicals that can build up in your body. Free radicals cause damage to cells through oxidative stress, and they've been linked to aging and health problems such as cancer and heart disease. Getting enough vitamin E on a daily basis may help to combat these conditions by protecting the outer membranes of your cells from free radical damage.

Photo Courtesy: Leren Lu/Photodisc/Getty Images

Vitamin E also plays an important role in your immune system and your body's ability to fight infection. At certain doses, vitamin E has been shown to stimulate the function of T cells — a type of cell that responds to pathogens that cause disease. Recent studies have shown that increasing your vitamin E intake may correlate with a stronger immune response and greater resistance to infection.

Vitamin E is present in the following whole foods:

  • Wheat germ
  • Almonds
  • Plant oils (vegetable, sunflower, grapeseed, etc.)
  • Sunflower seeds
  • Peanut butter
  • Spinach
  • Broccoli
  • Kiwi
  • Mango

Daily Dosage Recommendations

As people age, their daily dosage recommendation for vitamin E increases. For these standard recommended daily doses, a healthy balanced diet is usually sufficient for getting the required amount of vitamin E:

Photo Courtesy: skynesher/E+/Getty Images
  • Birth to 6 months: 4 milligrams (mg)/day
  • 1 to 12 months: 5 mg/day
  • 1 to 3 years: 6mg/day
  • 4 to 8 years: 7mg/day
  • 9 to 13 years: 11mg/day
  • 14+ years, including adults and seniors: 15mg/day

A person's age, gender and health conditions can help determine their recommended daily dose of vitamin E. Always consult a healthcare professional before altering your intake of vitamin E from the recommended daily dosage.

Taking Vitamin E Supplements

If it becomes necessary, such as if you become deficient in vitamin E, your doctor may advise you to start taking vitamin E supplements. Vitamin E supplements may come with some minor side effects if you take more than the recommended daily amount or if you combine these supplements with certain medications.

Photo Courtesy: Moyo Studio/E+/Getty Images

For example, vitamin E may increase the risk of bleeding if you take it with anticoagulants (also called blood thinners) like warfarin. Other medications, like chemotherapy drugs and cholesterol-lowering drugs, have potential harmful interactions when combined with vitamin E supplements. Talk to a healthcare professional before introducing daily vitamin E supplements, and be sure to discuss current medications you're taking.

Signs of a Vitamin E Deficiency

Because most people are able to get a sufficient amount of vitamin E through their normal daily diet, vitamin E deficiency is rare and typically related to an underlying health issue. For example, because vitamin E is a fat-soluble nutrient, there's a risk for vitamin E deficiency in people whose bodies are unable to absorb fat properly. Premature infants may also become deficient in vitamin E.

Photo Courtesy: LaylaBird/E+/Getty Images

When vitamin E deficiency does occur, these are some of its common symptoms:

  • Muscle weakness
  • Unsteady gait
  • Nerve pain or numbness
  • Impaired vision

Vitamin E deficiency can be detected with a blood test. It typically resolves with minor changes in your diet or the addition of vitamin E supplements. It's important to address any out-of-range vitamin E levels with your doctor. Chronic deficiencies may prevent your immune system from functioning normally.

Resource Links:

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/

https://medlineplus.gov/vitamine.html

https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0032579119309897?token=FECB039E3D3637A000648C32AE675FBC7DC9866130E4593853DCEBEFE0BEDCF4C0CA144BFF3E8EB55E81DF3922EB0743

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/11/1614/htm

https://iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iub.1976

MORE FROM SYMPTOMFIND.COM

Kmart Vitamin C

Source: https://www.symptomfind.com/health/vitamin-e-nutrition-basics?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740013%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex

Is It True That Vitamin C Can Cause A Miscarriage

Is It True That Vitamin C Can Cause A Miscarriage

Photo Courtesy: Flashpop/DigitalVision//Getty Images

Whether in the form of a fizzy drink or flavored lozenges, cold and flu preventative supplements almost always highlight vitamin C as one of their key ingredients. So, what's so magical about vitamin C? Also known as ascorbic acid, vitamin C is critical to living healthily. Since the human body cannot spontaneously generate this nutrient, vitamin C must instead be absorbed from outside sources, such as vitamin supplements or foods that are naturally rich in it.

Commonly found in cold and flu preventative supplements, vitamin C strengthens and speeds up immune system functionality. Though research does not indicate that vitamin C intake alone can prevent the onset of cold or flu, adequate daily intake may shorten the duration of an infection or lessen the severity of symptoms.

Photo Courtesy: Catherine Falls Commercial/Moment/Getty Images

Vitamin C is crucial for the maintenance of well being. For example, it plays a role in wound healing and helps maintain many essential body tissues. It also acts as a potent antioxidant and can repair damage from free radicals, which are linked to aging effects, and disease vulnerability. Additionally, vitamin C can also prevent anemia, since it helps the body increase absorption of dietary iron, another vital mineral that the body cannot spontaneously create.

Foods that contain high concentrations of vitamin C have been linked with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, like heart attack and stroke. Vitamin C can also increase levels of nitric oxide, a compound that widens blood vessels and, in turn, lowers blood pressure. In addition, regular intake of vitamin C, along with other vitamins, has been linked to a decreased risk for developing age-related cataracts, a leading cause of visual impairment in the United States.

Common Sources of Vitamin C

Vitamin C can be easily obtained through the many different foods, including:

Photo Courtesy: Akaradech Pramoonsin/Moment/Getty Images
  • Citrus fruits and juices (orange, grapefruit, lemon, lime and tangerine)
  • Berries
  • Melons
  • Mangoes
  • Kiwi
  • Tomato
  • Broccoli
  • Red peppers
  • Spinach
  • Squash
  • Potatoes

Cooking these foods may result in the loss of some of the vitamin content, so it is ideal to ingest them raw, either whole or juiced. Nowadays, there are also numerous packaged food products, like cereals, that have been enriched and fortified with vitamin C, so that the nutrient can be easily obtained.

Vitamin C may also be labeled as "L-ascorbic acid" in supplement form, and most over-the-counter multivitamins contain the recommended daily amount of the vitamin. While it is a good source when an individual is in need of a vitamin C boost, supplements are not meant to replace a diet rich in naturally derived vitamin C.

What Happens When You Have Too Much — or Too Little — Vitamin C?

Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that can be easily flushed out of the body via urination when it is not needed. Therefore, if the main source of vitamin C is from naturally occurring foods, it is near-impossible for excess vitamin C to produce side effects. However, taking excessive concentrated vitamin C supplements may lead to diarrhea or stomach upset.

Photo Courtesy: Violeta Stoimenova/E+/Getty Images

Since vitamin C-rich foods are so readily available nowadays, symptoms of inadequate vitamin C intake are also rare in the United States. However, malnourished individuals can experience symptoms of vitamin C deficiency over time, including:

  • Weakness
  • Fatigue
  • Anemia
  • Easy bruising
  • Joint pain
  • Skin breakdown
  • Weakened tooth enamel
  • Gum inflammation

Severe vitamin C deficiency is referred to as scurvy. Scurvy can be easily treated with increased dietary or supplemental vitamin C. Since vitamin C is crucial in the detoxification of the body, a lack of vitamin C can compromise the immune system and make an individual more susceptible to diseases and infections. Individuals with insufficient vitamin C may find that it takes longer than usual to recover from a cold or a physical wound.

Daily Dosage Recommendations:

The daily dosage recommendation for vitamin C is different for everyone, depending on factors such as gender, age, lifestyle and current health condition. The recommended daily dosage for vitamin C is at least 75 mg daily for women and 90 mg for men. Since people who are pregnant, breast feeding, smoking or using oral contraceptives have a lower blood level of vitamin C than others, larger doses of vitamin C may be needed to achieve optimal results in these individuals. Those who have prior or current medical conditions may also require bigger or smaller dosage levels, as recommended by their healthcare providers.

Resource Links:

  • "Vitamin C" via MedlinePlus
  • "Vitamin C and Infections" via MDPI
  • "Extra Dose of Vitamin C Based on a Daily Supplementation Shortens the Common Cold: A Meta-Analysis of 9 Randomized Controlled Trials" via Hindawi, BioMed Research International
  • "Vitamin C" via National Institutes of Health
  • "Scurvy" via U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health
  • "Dietary intake and blood concentrations of antioxidants and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies" via The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • "Dietary vitamin and carotenoid intake and risk of age-related cataract" via The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • "Cardiovascular System" via Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine (via Springer)

MORE FROM SYMPTOMFIND.COM

Is It True That Vitamin C Can Cause A Miscarriage

Source: https://www.symptomfind.com/health/vitamin-c-everything-you-need-to-know?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740013%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex

How Many Iu Of Vitamin C Daily

How Many Iu Of Vitamin C Daily

Top 10 Foods Highest in Vitamin C

Photo of Daisy Whitbread

Powered by USDA Nutrition Data

Top 10 Foods Highest in Vitamin C

Vitamin C is an essential nutrient required for the maintenance of skin, blood vessels, bones and cartilage, and wound healing. (1,2)

Vitamin C also helps protect cells against oxidative stress, which in turn provides protection against certain diseases, including cancer. (1,3)

Vitamin C, like zinc and vitamin A, also helps support your immune system. (4,5,6)

High vitamin C foods include guavas, bell peppers, kiwifruit, strawberries, oranges, papayas, broccoli, tomatoes, kale, and snow peas. The current daily value (% DV) for vitamin C is 90mg. (7)

Below is a list high vitamin C foods ranked by a common serving size, use the nutrient ranking of over 200 foods high in vitamin C to see the foods highest in vitamin C by nutrient density (per gram), or see rankings of fruits high in vitamin C, and vegetables high in vitamin C.


  • Introduction
  • High Vitamin C Foods
  • Printable
  • Vitamin C Foods by Nutrient Density (Vitamin C per Gram)
  • Other Vitamin C Rich Foods
  • About the Data
  •  Nutrient Ranking Tool
  • Related
  • Feedback
  • References

Half a guava

#1: Guavas

Vitamin C
per Cup
Vitamin C
per 100g
Vitamin C
per 200 Calories
377mg
(419% DV)
228mg
(254% DV)
671mg
(746% DV)

Slices of kiwifruit

#2: Kiwifruit

Vitamin C
per Cup
Vitamin C
per 100g
Vitamin C
per 200 Calories
167mg
(185% DV)
93mg
(103% DV)
304mg
(338% DV)

Bell peppers

#3: Bell Peppers

Vitamin C
per Cup
Vitamin C
per 100g
Vitamin C
per 200 Calories
152mg
(169% DV)
128mg
(142% DV)
982mg
(1091% DV)

Strawberries

#4: Strawberries

Vitamin C
per Cup
Vitamin C
per 100g
Vitamin C
per 200 Calories
98mg
(108% DV)
59mg
(65% DV)
368mg
(408% DV)

Slices of orange

#5: Oranges

Vitamin C
per Cup
Vitamin C
per 100g
Vitamin C
per 200 Calories
96mg
(106% DV)
53mg
(59% DV)
226mg
(252% DV)

Papayas

#6: Papaya

Vitamin C
per Cup
Vitamin C
per 100g
Vitamin C
per 200 Calories
88mg
(98% DV)
61mg
(68% DV)
283mg
(315% DV)

Broccoli

#7: Broccoli

Vitamin C
per Cup
Vitamin C
per 100g
Vitamin C
per 200 Calories
81mg
(90% DV)
89mg
(99% DV)
525mg
(583% DV)

Tomatoes

#8: Tomato

Vitamin C
per Cup Cooked
Vitamin C
per 100g
Vitamin C
per 200 Calories
55mg
(61% DV)
23mg
(25% DV)
253mg
(281% DV)

Green peas

#9: Snow Peas

Vitamin C
per Cup
Vitamin C
per 100g
Vitamin C
per 200 Calories
38mg
(42% DV)
60mg
(67% DV)
286mg
(317% DV)

Kale leaves

#10: Kale

Vitamin C
per Cup Cooked
Vitamin C
per 100g
Vitamin C
per 200 Calories
23mg
(26% DV)
18mg
(20% DV)
99mg
(110% DV)

See All 200 Foods High in Vitamin C

Next Article Next ➞

Printable One Page Sheet

Click to Print

A printable list of the top 10 foods highest in vitamin C.


Vitamin C Foods by Nutrient Density (Vitamin C per Gram)

Other Vitamin C Rich Foods

About the Data

Data for the curated food lists comes from the USDA Food Data Central Repository.

You can check our data against the USDA by clicking the (Source) link at the bottom of each food listing.

Note: When checking data please be sure the serving sizes are the same. In the rare case you find any difference, please contact us and we will fix it right away.

  • Foods High in Vitamin C
  • Foods Low in Vitamin C
  • Vegetables High in Vitamin C
  • Fruits High in Vitamin C
  • Vegetarian Foods High in Vitamin C
  • Nuts High in Vitamin C
  • Beans High in Vitamin C
  • Dairy High in Vitamin C
  • Breakfast Cereals High in Vitamin C
  • Fast Foods High in Vitamin C

View more food groups with the nutrient ranking tool, or see ratios with the nutrient ratio tool.
  • Vitamin E Foods
  • Beta Carotene Food Sources
  • High Lycopene Foods
  • High Iron Foods
  • High Potassium Foods

feedback

Data Sources and References

  1. Mitochondria, Energy and Cancer: The Relationship with Ascorbic Acid. J Orthomol Med. 2010; 25(1): 29–38.
  2. Office of Dietary Supplements Fact Sheet: Vitamin C
  3. L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) induces the apoptosis of B16 murine melanoma cells via a caspase-8-independent pathway. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2003;52:693–698.
  4. Vitamin C and Immune Function Nutrients. 2017 Nov; 9(11): 1211.
  5. The role of vitamin A and related retinoids in immune function. Nutr Rev. 1998 Jan;56(1 Pt 2):S38-48.
  6. Zinc in Human Health: Effect of Zinc on Immune Cells Mol Med. 2008 May-Jun; 14(5-6): 353–357. Published online 2008 Apr 3. doi: 10.2119/2008-00033.Prasad.
  7. FDA Daily Values Guidelines
  8. U.S. Agricultural Research Service Food Data Central

MyFoodData provides nutrition data tools and articles to help you organize and understand the foods you eat. Read more...

How Many Iu Of Vitamin C Daily

Source: https://www.myfooddata.com/articles/vitamin-c-foods.php

Good For Vitamin C

Good For Vitamin C

Photo Courtesy: Flashpop/DigitalVision//Getty Images

Whether in the form of a fizzy drink or flavored lozenges, cold and flu preventative supplements almost always highlight vitamin C as one of their key ingredients. So, what's so magical about vitamin C? Also known as ascorbic acid, vitamin C is critical to living healthily. Since the human body cannot spontaneously generate this nutrient, vitamin C must instead be absorbed from outside sources, such as vitamin supplements or foods that are naturally rich in it.

Commonly found in cold and flu preventative supplements, vitamin C strengthens and speeds up immune system functionality. Though research does not indicate that vitamin C intake alone can prevent the onset of cold or flu, adequate daily intake may shorten the duration of an infection or lessen the severity of symptoms.

Photo Courtesy: Catherine Falls Commercial/Moment/Getty Images

Vitamin C is crucial for the maintenance of well being. For example, it plays a role in wound healing and helps maintain many essential body tissues. It also acts as a potent antioxidant and can repair damage from free radicals, which are linked to aging effects, and disease vulnerability. Additionally, vitamin C can also prevent anemia, since it helps the body increase absorption of dietary iron, another vital mineral that the body cannot spontaneously create.

Foods that contain high concentrations of vitamin C have been linked with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, like heart attack and stroke. Vitamin C can also increase levels of nitric oxide, a compound that widens blood vessels and, in turn, lowers blood pressure. In addition, regular intake of vitamin C, along with other vitamins, has been linked to a decreased risk for developing age-related cataracts, a leading cause of visual impairment in the United States.

Common Sources of Vitamin C

Vitamin C can be easily obtained through the many different foods, including:

Photo Courtesy: Akaradech Pramoonsin/Moment/Getty Images
  • Citrus fruits and juices (orange, grapefruit, lemon, lime and tangerine)
  • Berries
  • Melons
  • Mangoes
  • Kiwi
  • Tomato
  • Broccoli
  • Red peppers
  • Spinach
  • Squash
  • Potatoes

Cooking these foods may result in the loss of some of the vitamin content, so it is ideal to ingest them raw, either whole or juiced. Nowadays, there are also numerous packaged food products, like cereals, that have been enriched and fortified with vitamin C, so that the nutrient can be easily obtained.

Vitamin C may also be labeled as "L-ascorbic acid" in supplement form, and most over-the-counter multivitamins contain the recommended daily amount of the vitamin. While it is a good source when an individual is in need of a vitamin C boost, supplements are not meant to replace a diet rich in naturally derived vitamin C.

What Happens When You Have Too Much — or Too Little — Vitamin C?

Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that can be easily flushed out of the body via urination when it is not needed. Therefore, if the main source of vitamin C is from naturally occurring foods, it is near-impossible for excess vitamin C to produce side effects. However, taking excessive concentrated vitamin C supplements may lead to diarrhea or stomach upset.

Photo Courtesy: Violeta Stoimenova/E+/Getty Images

Since vitamin C-rich foods are so readily available nowadays, symptoms of inadequate vitamin C intake are also rare in the United States. However, malnourished individuals can experience symptoms of vitamin C deficiency over time, including:

  • Weakness
  • Fatigue
  • Anemia
  • Easy bruising
  • Joint pain
  • Skin breakdown
  • Weakened tooth enamel
  • Gum inflammation

Severe vitamin C deficiency is referred to as scurvy. Scurvy can be easily treated with increased dietary or supplemental vitamin C. Since vitamin C is crucial in the detoxification of the body, a lack of vitamin C can compromise the immune system and make an individual more susceptible to diseases and infections. Individuals with insufficient vitamin C may find that it takes longer than usual to recover from a cold or a physical wound.

Daily Dosage Recommendations:

The daily dosage recommendation for vitamin C is different for everyone, depending on factors such as gender, age, lifestyle and current health condition. The recommended daily dosage for vitamin C is at least 75 mg daily for women and 90 mg for men. Since people who are pregnant, breast feeding, smoking or using oral contraceptives have a lower blood level of vitamin C than others, larger doses of vitamin C may be needed to achieve optimal results in these individuals. Those who have prior or current medical conditions may also require bigger or smaller dosage levels, as recommended by their healthcare providers.

Resource Links:

  • "Vitamin C" via MedlinePlus
  • "Vitamin C and Infections" via MDPI
  • "Extra Dose of Vitamin C Based on a Daily Supplementation Shortens the Common Cold: A Meta-Analysis of 9 Randomized Controlled Trials" via Hindawi, BioMed Research International
  • "Vitamin C" via National Institutes of Health
  • "Scurvy" via U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health
  • "Dietary intake and blood concentrations of antioxidants and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies" via The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • "Dietary vitamin and carotenoid intake and risk of age-related cataract" via The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
  • "Cardiovascular System" via Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine (via Springer)

MORE FROM SYMPTOMFIND.COM

Good For Vitamin C

Source: https://www.symptomfind.com/health/vitamin-c-everything-you-need-to-know?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740013%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex

Excesso De Vitamina C Faz Mal

Excesso De Vitamina C Faz Mal

Sexta-feira, 12 de outubro de 2021, no blog Casa&Agro no site Tecno Notícias, você vai saber mais sobre os benefícios de consumir o chá de orégano diariamente. Entenda a origem da erva, bem como seus benefícios em forma de infusão e os nutrientes presentes. Sendo assim, fique ligadinho até o fim desta matéria se quer se manter bem informado.

Primeiramente, o orégano tem origem mediterrânea e é conhecido apenas como tempero, sendo muito famoso em todo o mundo. Porém, saiba que o chá de orégano também pode trazer grandes benefícios, se consumido de forma constante e regular.

Leia mais: Chá de orégano emagrece? Veja os benefícios dessa bebida maravilhosa

4 benefícios do consumo do chá de orégano

Uma xícara de chá de orégano diariamente fará total diferença: veja agora os benefícios de consumir todos os dias - Imagem por Freepik
Uma xícara de chá de orégano diariamente fará total diferença: veja agora os benefícios de consumir todos os dias – Imagem por Freepik

A seguir, veja 4 benefícios ao consumir diariamente o chá de orégano, e comece a sentir a poderosa mudança em sua vida. Confira abaixo, e nos relate sua experiência.

1.Proporciona boa imunidade

O chá é muito potente em substâncias antioxidantes. Além do mais, é riquíssimo em vitamina A e C, por isso, é um grande aliado no fortalecimento da imunidade do corpo. Sendo assim, combate inflamações, devido a fortaleza do organismo ao consumir constantemente a bebida.

2.Normaliza o período menstrual

Além de regular a menstruação, a infusão pode aliviar as cólicas menstruais. Por isso é muito benéfico, principalmente para quem tem problemas com atraso menstrual e cólica em excesso. Então, caso você sofra com esse mal, a recomendação é que você faça o uso da bebida regularmente.

Leia também: Chá da casca de limão: veja os motivos pelos quais você deve ter um limoeiro em casa

3.O chá ajuda na boa digestão

Quem tem problema sério com a digestão, pode fazer bom uso do chá de orégano. A bebida promete ajudar na digestão por conter um alto teor de fibras. Além disso, também ajuda a deixar o corpo mais hidratado e evita a retenção de líquido. Outros problemas intestinais, como excesso de gases e a sensação excessiva de azia também podem ser evitados com o consumo constante da infusão.

4.Noite excelente de sono

Além de todos os benefícios citados, o chá pode proporcionar um sono excelente, principalmente para quem tem problemas para dormir. Ainda, traz um controle contra a ansiedade e também combate a insônia. Sendo assim, se você tem dificuldades para dormir pela noite, faça o consumo do chá antes de deitar para que tenha uma noite de sono excelente.

Enfim, com todos os benefícios apresentados através nesta matéria, não tem mais o porquê você não consumir o chá de orégano. Experimente em sua casa e usufrua de todas as vantagens existentes.

Por fim, leia: Chá de casca de cebola: quais são os benefícios dessa bebida natural? Veja agora!

Excesso De Vitamina C Faz Mal

Source: https://tecnonoticias.com.br/blogs/casa-agro/dicas-do-dia/cha-de-oregano-4/4649/

Dosis De Vitamina C Intravenosa

Dosis De Vitamina C Intravenosa

ARTÍCULO DE REVISIÓN

Vitamina C en la salud y en la enfermedad

Vitamin C in health and disease

Edwin Rolando Castillo-Velarde1,a,b

1 Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima-Perú.
a Doctor en Filosofía
b Master en Nutrición Clínica


RESUMEN

La vitamina C ha sido ampliamente estudiada en medicina y si bien se reconoció la importancia de su deficiencia con el escorbuto, la optimización de su uso como recurso terapéutico no ha sido incluida en protocolos o guías de práctica clínica. La farmacocinética y biología de la vitamina C demuestran los efectos sistémicos que posee, y fundamentado en ello, se vienen desarrollado en los últimos años investigaciones que sustenten su uso parenteral en algunas enfermedades. La evidencia disponible señala que el beneficio de su uso no se extiende a varias enfermedades sino a algunas como el cáncer, cuyo reporte preliminar es promisorio, con adecuada tolerabilidad a altas dosis, pero que aún precisa de completar el seguimiento prospectivo de la intervención.

Palabras clave: Vitamina C; Cáncer; Alta dosis. (fuente: DeCS BIREME)


ABSTRACT

Vitamin C has been widely studied in medicine and although the importance of its deficiency with scurvy was recognized, the optimization of its use as a therapeutic resource has not been included in protocols or clinical practice guidelines. The pharmacokinetics and biology of vitamin C indicates the systemic effects it has, and based on it, research has been developed in recent years that supports its parenteral use in some diseases. The available evidence indicates that the benefit of its use does not extend to several diseases but to some such as cancer, whose preliminary report is promising, with adequate tolerability at high doses, but still needs to complete the prospective follow-up of the intervention.

Key words: Vitamin C; Cancer; High doses. (source: MeSH NLM)


INTRODUCCIÓN

El oxígeno como molécula oxidante interviene en la producción de energía, sin embargo, genera también productos intermediarios reactivos o radicales libres que según su grado oxidante pueden dañar a moléculas biológicas como proteínas, lípidos y ácidos nucleicos. Este proceso de estrés oxidativo lleva a la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno como los radicales libres y que, en condiciones fisiológicas, no ocurre en más del 5% por la regulación endógena antioxidante1. Este nivel oxidativo mínimo tiene importancia funcional, por ejemplo, en el efecto inmune de los neutrófilos, para la actividad de la enzima mieloperoxidasa.

El ambiente es fuente de especies reactivas de oxígeno. En general, las fuentes exógenas están constituidas por diferentes sustancias xenobióticas, que son elementos inorgánicos como productos químicos, de los que se conocen 4 millones de estas sustancias xenobióticas, 63 mil son de uso común y 11 mil pueden ser ingeridos directamente como fármacos o aditivos en los alimentos. Existen otros 50 mil elementos contaminantes en el medio ambiente2, por ejemplo, las sustancias químicas derivadas del humo del cigarrillo, en donde se han descrito sustancias radioactivas como el polonio 210, que se vincula al cáncer de pulmón. En cuanto a las radiaciones, un fumador de 1 paquete y medio por día a lo largo de un año, supone una radiación equivalente a 300 radiografías de tórax3, lo cual equivale a 30 milisieverts (mSv), lo que supera las recomendaciones de la Comisión Internacional de Protección Radiológica, que para el público en general, fija un valor máximo de 1 mSv al año4.

La respuesta a estrés oxidante, ocurre por diferentes sustancias endógenas de capacidad antioxidante como el glutatión, la superóxido dismutasa, la catalasa, entre otros, pero también tenemos fuentes de antioxidantes exógenos provenientes de la dieta en donde se incluyen compuestos fenólicos como los flavonoides, carotenoides y vitaminas como la C, D y E.

BIOLOGÍA DE LA VITAMINA C

La vitamina C, evolutivamente aparece con la capacidad de sintetizar acido ascórbico en los vertebrados terrestres al término de la era paleozoica, como respuesta al aumento dramático del oxígeno atmosférico. Esta crisis tóxica e inusual, llevó a la extinción en masa de los organismos en el periodo pérmico, y solo aquellos tetrápodos que desarrollaron un sistema antioxidante sobrevivieron. Es ahí donde surge la enzima gulonolactona oxidasa, que sintetiza la vitamina C. Sin embargo, el hombre, el mono, algunas especies de cerdos y varias especies de aves, pierden la capacidad de producir esta enzima5.

Existen dos importantes formas biológicas de vitamina C, la forma reducida o ácido ascórbico, y la forma oxidada, DHA (ácido dehidroascórbico). La mayor concentración de vitamina C se encuentra a nivel tisular por lo que es importante su transporte. La forma reducida o ácido ascórbico se transporta a nivel intracelular a través de los transportadores SVCTs (Sodium dependent vitamin C transporters). El ácido dehidroascórbico se transporta por los GLUT (transportador de la glucosa) por la semejanza química que existe entre la glucosa (C6H12O6) y la vitamina C (C6H8O6). La forma oxidada de vitamina C (DHA), una vez que alcanza el intracelular, sufre una reversión espontánea a su forma reducida o ácido ascórbico por la acción del glutatión. Si no se diera este proceso se formarían compuestos inactivos como el ácido2,3- diketogulonico y posterior metabolismo a oxalato6,7,8,9. En pacientes con hiperoxaluria primaria se restringe el consumo de vitamina C por la posible formación de oxalato en especial si el consumo es excesivo8.

Cuando el ácido dehidroascórbico ingresa a nivel mitocondrial, es importante su reducción a ácido ascórbico porque se requiere de mecanismos antioxidantes en respuesta a la fosforilación oxidativa mitocondrial. El daño a nivel del ADN (ácido desoxirribonucleico) mitocondrial frente a este estrés oxidante es 3 a 10 veces mayor que el daño del ADN nuclear10.

Un antioxidante, por definición, es aquel que tiene la capacidad de donar electrones al radical libre que se encuentra inestable con el fin de prevenir la oxidación de otros compuestos. Cuando un antioxidante dona sus electrones, se convierte en un radical libre, pero no tiene la capacidad de ser reactivo. En este sentido, la vitamina C luego de donar un electrón, se convierte en el radical ascorbilo (o ácido semidehidroascórbico), pero es relativamente estable y poco reactivo. Luego de la pérdida de su segundo electrón, es cuando se forma el ácido dehidroascórbico. La reducción a ácido ascórbico será la más estable8.

La vitamina C dona electrones a 8 diferentes tipos de enzimas, de las cuales 3 participan en la hidroxilación del colágeno (adiciona grupos hidroxilo a aminoácidos prolina y lisina de la molécula del colágeno) incrementando su estabilidad. De allí que lo síntomas del escorbuto se asocien a alteraciones del tejido conectivo, como fragilidad capilar, equimosis, gingivorragias, hemorragias perifoliculares y inadecuada cicatrización de heridas11,8. Otras dos enzimas que son reguladas por la vitamina C, a través de dos dioxigenasas, intervienen en la síntesis de carnitina, permitiendo el transporte de ácidos grasos para su oxidación. Tres enzimas restantes, participan en la formación de noradrenalina desde dopamina, en agregar grupos amida a hormonas peptídicas y en el metabolismo de la tirosina8.

La vitamina C puede reducir diversas sustancias como: 1) compuestos derivados de las especies reactivas de oxígeno (SRO), como el superóxido o radical hidroxilo, y especies reactivas de nitrógeno (SRN), como óxido nítrico, dióxido de nitrógeno y peroxinitrito. 2) compuestos como el radical alfa-tocoferoxil, que se produce cuando un radical libre interacciona con el alfa tocoferol y el LDL (lipoproteína de baja densidad). Este radical se puede reducir nuevamente a alfa tocoferol gracias a la acción del ascorbato, permitiendo su reutilización metabólica como antioxidante. 3) Elementos como el hierro férrico a ferroso, lo que favorece su absorción intestinal12,8. 4) compuestos que son reactivos, pero que no son radicales libres, como el ácido hipocloroso, nitrosaminas y el ozono. Se ha demostrado el efecto mutagénico de los derivados de la nitrosamina en el cáncer gástrico y que la concentración de vitamina C en el jugo gástrico es 3 veces mayor que la del plasma en personas sanas. Experimentalmente, concentraciones elevadas de vitamina C inducen apoptosis en células tumorales gástricas mediado por la p38 MAP-kinasa (proteína quinasa activada por mitógenos)13, sin embargo, no se habían desarrollado ensayos clínicos de intervención que valoren este aspecto. Sí existen estudios retrospectivos que demuestran una asociación de riesgo entre el bajo consumo de vitamina C y cáncer gástrico (OR 0.40, 95% IC 0.19-0.83)14, pero sólo recientemente se ha publicado un reporte preliminar de un ensayo clínico en cáncer gástrico que combina un régimen de quimioterapia con vitamina C endovenoso, cuyos resultados son favorables, pero no es un estudio comparativo15.

Por otro lado, la vitamina C puede favorecer reacciones de oxidación como la de Fenton, que ocurre entre la forma libre de metales como hierro o cobre y el ascorbato. Estos metales al unirse al peróxido de hidrogeno, formarán radicales hidroxilos altamente reactivos, y por ello, estos metales no se encuentran en su forma libre porque son captados por la transferrina o ferritina para el hierro, o la ceruloplasmina para el cobre. El ascorbato puede inducir la liberación de hierro desde la ferritina, siendo una estrategia terapéutica utilizada, por ejemplo, en el tratamiento de la anemia refractaria del paciente en hemodiálisis que dispone de gran saturación de hierro, aunque la evidencia todavía es débil por ensayos clínicos escasos16.

La vitamina C, a nivel tisular se distribuye hasta en un 52% en el músculo esquelético y 11% a nivel cerebral17. En las células neuronales la vitamina C en su forma biológica de ácido dehidroascórbico puede atravesar la barrera hematoencefálica a través de los receptores GLUT 1. Experimentalmente se ha demostrado que, en el infarto cerebral, la administración endovenosa de DHA produjo una rápida absorción a nivel cerebral con posterior conversión a ácido ascórbico con propiedades neuroprotectoras al reducir el volumen del infarto18,19,20.

Dosis

Actualmente el RDA (recommended dietary allowance) o dosis recomendada de vitamina C es de 90 mg/dia en hombres adultos y 75 mg/día en mujeres adultas21. Establecer el RDA de una vitamina requiere determinar su concentración sérica y tisular frente a diferentes dosis, conocer su biodisponibilidad, absorción, excreción urinaria y su potencial toxicidad. Las recomendaciones de dosis de vitamina C se establecieron en 1943, describiéndose que una dosis de 60 mg era el doble de la necesaria para prevenir el escorbuto y era el umbral en el que se empezaba a excretarse la vitamina C por orina. Estudios posteriores de farmacocinética, demostraron una baja incidencia de excreción urinaria en dosis de 100 mg, una biodisponibilidad de 100% en dosis de 200 mg y una saturación completa cuando la dosis alcanza los 1000 mg/dia. En consecuencia, el RDA se incrementó a 90 mg/día, si bien la farmacocinética sustenta un RDA de 200 mg/dia22. Debe considerarse que no se trata de establecer el MDA "minimum dietary allowance" o dosis mínima preventiva de la deficiencia, sino de establecer la dosis óptima que puede variar según la condición clínica de cada paciente.

Usos

a. Respuesta inmune. A nivel de los leucocitos la vitamina C se puede almacenar hasta 100 veces más durante episodios infecciosos, en comparación a los niveles en sangre22. Por otro lado, interviene en la quimiotaxis de neutrófilos y monocitos, proliferación de linfocitos y en la actividad de células natural killer23,24. Clínicamente, no se ha evidenciado un efecto consistente en la prevención del resfriado común según último reporte de Cochrane25; en el caso de la neumonía, Cochrane reporta que la evidencia aun es débil26, por ello el soporte de investigación debiera de migrar a otros contextos clínicos pero relacionados a la respuesta inmune.

b. Cáncer. Desde 1976 se había reportado como favorable el uso de dosis altas endovenosa de vitamina C en el manejo de cáncer27. Las concentraciones en sangre pueden alcanzar los 21000 uM/L a una dosis de 60g/día, a diferencia de las concentraciones que se alcanzan por vía oral con la máxima dosis tolerada de 3 gr/día que no excede los 220 uM/L por el límite de la absorción intestinal. Esta diferencia de hasta 95 veces se ha relacionado con un efecto prooxidante caracterizado por la formación de peróxido de hidrogeno, afectando a células tumorales, lo cual se observa desde una concentración de vitamina C de 1000 a 5000 umol/L28,29. Por lo tanto, se plantea un efecto dual prooxidante tumoral selectivo en altas dosis y un efecto antioxidante sistémico, según observaciones in vitro30,31. El peróxido de hidrogeno es encontrado a nivel de las células tumorales, pero no en sangre, en razón a la carga antioxidante de moléculas como el glutation o la catalasa de los glóbulos rojos, pero que no hay en los tumores32,33. El metabolismo glucolítico incrementado de los tumores favorece la captación de ascorbato por la estructura del transportador ya comentada y una vez en el interior, el cumulo de SRO induce muerte de las células tumorales9,34,35,36. No se dispone de ninguna revisión sistemática sobre la intervención endovenosa de vitamina C puesto que no se habían desarrollaron ensayos clínicos por décadas en razón a una publicación que desestimó su utilidad en 1985, investigación que utilizó la suplementación oral, y que hoy se sabe que no presenta utilidad terapéutica para este grupo de pacientes37. En los últimos años sí se han desarrollado ensayos clínicos. Un ensayo de fase I en pacientes con cáncer gástrico o colorrectal metastásico estudió que una dosis de 1.5g/Kg no reportó ninguna toxicidad y que los efectos relacionados a una infusión rápida o por la carga osmótica elevada, tales como, cefalea, aturdimiento, boca seca o molestias gastrointestinales son inusuales, asimismo, no hubo interacción adversa con la quimioterapia. Asimismo, su eficacia preliminar es promisoria con una respuesta parcial del 58.3% y un control de enfermedad del 95.8% con un seguimiento de 8.8 meses15. Otro ensayo clínico de fase I y II reportó la adecuada tolerancia de la vitamina C en pacientes con cáncer en tratamiento con quimioterapia utilizando una dosis de 43 gramos sin efectos adversos significativos y en algunos casos mejora sintomática, por ejemplo, incremento de la capacidad funcional38.

Epigenéticamente, la vitamina C potencia a los inhibidores de la DNA metiltransferasas, por lo que tiene una acción hipometilante, siendo importante por la metilación aberrante del DNA e histonas en el cáncer, asimismo, se propone que la vitamina C, al favorecer la respuesta inmune, puede favorecer que los retrovirus endógenos, los que normalmente forman 9% del genoma, induzcan la demetilación del DNA, con lo cual se apertura la investigación en la quimioinmunoterapia36.

En cuanto a la prevención primaria, los estudios previamente reportados utilizaron la vía oral para la prevención del cáncer sin demostrar ningún beneficio consistente en tumores sólidos como mama, pulmón, colon o cuello uterino39-43.

c. Circulación. Considerando que en fumadores una dosis de vitamina C de 2000 mg/día reduce la presencia de marcadores de estrés oxidativo44, se considera su posible efecto en el tono vascular17, sin embargo, no se han desarrollado estudios controlados para la prevención primaria o secundaria de enfermedades cardiovasculares45.

d. Diabetes. En la diabetes mellitus, además de los mecanismos patogénicos vinculados con la glucotoxicidad y lipotoxicidad, tenemos los relacionados al estrés oxidativo. Se reconoce que la glucosa inhibe la captación de ascorbato46, por lo que un estado hiperglicémico se podría asociar a un déficit de ascorbato47. En condiciones normales la captación de glucosa, a nivel tisular, es preferente sobre el ascorbato. Para mantener la capacidad antioxidante en la sangre, los glóbulos rojos sintetizan una proteína de membrana, la estomatina, la cual permite que el transportador GLUT 1 prefiera el transporte del DHA sobre el de glucosa. Luego se reduciría a su forma de ácido ascórbico para generar su respectivo efecto antioxidante48. En el caso de la retinopatía diabética no se dispone de estudios bien diseñados según Cochrane49.

DIETA Y VITAMINA C

Cuando se estableció la recomendación inicial de 60 mg/día de vitamina C, se valoraba solo su efecto antiescorbuto y no el efecto antioxidante cuya necesidad puede variar según el turn-over de la vitamina C, como en el embarazo o en estrés físico. En el estrés, la vitamina C interviene en la hidroxilación esteroidea suprarrenal, y por ello se observa un aumento en la excreción urinaria de ácido ascórbico. En efecto, el ácido ascórbico fue aislado en 1928 por Szent-Gyorgyi del tejido suprarrenal como ácido hexurónico o factor antiescorbútico24. Los niveles más elevados por gramo de tejido de vitamina C se encuentran en la glándula pituitaria y adrenal.

En Estados Unidos el 25% de hombres y mujeres consumen menos de 60 mg/día de vitamina C. El 10% de adultos consume menos del 10%. La fuente primaria de vitamina C en la dieta se muestra en la tabla 1, siendo fuente rica la proveniente de frutas cítricas, kiwi, guayaba, camu-camu, papaya, melón, fresa, mango, tomate, jugo de frutas de naranja y uvas; y vegetales como coliflor, brócoli, repollo, berro, espinaca, pimiento y papa. Un consumo de cinco piezas de frutas y vegetales, proporciona una concentración de más de 200 mg/día de vitamina C.

El consumo de esta fuente de nutrientes, además recae en la presencia de otros antioxidantes como flavonol glicósidos y antocianinas. Pacientes fumadores que ingirieron camucamu (Myrciaria dubia) equivalente a una dosis de 1050 mg de vitamina C tuvieron una mayor capacidad antioxidante y antinflamatoria que, si recibían la dosis equivalente de vitamina C en tabletas50, lo que reviste en importancia la participación de los otros componentes bioquímicos.

CONCLUSIÓN

Si bien la evidencia no sostiene algún beneficio en algunas enfermedades como algunos procesos infecciosos, tampoco la evidencia es suficientemente consistente por falta de estudios bien diseñados en otros procesos mórbidos como el cáncer en cuanto a su uso parenteral. Esta reportado su tolerabilidad a altas dosis por vía endovenosa y existen reportes que señalan un beneficio sintomático en la salud. El desarrollo de ensayos clínicos debe mantener la plausibilidad científica fundamentado en la biología de la vitamina C, distribución tisular y el tipo de transporte celular que posee. El consumo de frutas y verduras representa una recomendación saludable y el entendimiento de los diversos efectos biológicos de la vitamina C señalan la importancia de su consumo.

REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

1. Halliwell B. Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence?, Lancet. 1994, 10;344(8924):721-4. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92211-x.

2. Treguerres J. Fisiología Humana. 3 th ed. McGraw Hill, Madrid, 2005. p. 760-775.         [ Links ]

3. Cortés R. Radiaciones ionizantes, Investigación y Ciencia, 2011, 416: 8-10. Disponible en: https://www.investigacionyciencia.es/revistas/investigacion-y-ciencia/floracin-526/radiaciones-ionizantes-8873.         [ Links ]

4. Rego B Humo Radioactivo, Investigación y Ciencia, 2011, 414: 86-88. . Disponible en: https://www.investigacionyciencia.es/revistas/investigacion-y-ciencia/la-autntica-revolucin-sexual-522/humo-radiactivo-8706.         [ Links ]

5. Chatterjee I. Evolution and the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid. Science, 1973; 182(118): 1271-2. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.182.4118.1271.

6. Rivas C, Zúñiga F. Vitamin C transporters, J Physiol Biochem, 2008, 64(4): 357-76. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394316-3.00011-9.

7. Koshiishi I. Degradation of dehydroascorbate to 2,3-diketogulonate in blood circulation. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1998; 1425(1): 209-14. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4165%2898%2900073-7.

8. Sebastian P, Katz Arie. Vitamin C as an antioxidant: Evaluation of its role in disease prevention. Journal of American College of Nutrition 2003, 22 (1).18-35. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12569111.

9. Verrax, Calderon. The controversial place of vitamin C in cancer treatment. Biochemical Pharmacology 2008, 76: 1644-52. Disponible en: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphys.2018.01182.

10. Mandl J, Szarka A. Vitamin C: update on physiology and pharmacology, British Journal of Pharmacology, 2009; 157: 1097-110. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00282.x.

11. Mahan L, Escott-Stump S. Nutrición y Dietoterapia de Krause. 10 th ed. McGraw Hill, Madrid, 2001. p. 109-114.

12. Car A, Frei B. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. Am J Clin Nutr, 1999; 69: 1086-107. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1086.

13. Mi Y, Kyu M, Jung H, et al. High concentrations of ascorbic acid induces apoptosis of human gastric cancer cell by p38-MAP kinase-dependent up-regulation of transferrin receptor, Cancer Letters 277 (2009) 48–54. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2008.11.020.

14. Jenab M, Riboli E, Ferrari P. Plasma and dietary vitamin C levels and risk of gastric cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST), Carcinogenesis 2006; 27 (11): 2250–2257. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgl096.

15. Feng Wang F, He M, Wang Z, et al. Phase I study of high-dose ascorbic acid with mFOLFOX6 or FOLFIRI in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer or gastric cancer, BMC Cancer 2019; 19: 460. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-5696-z.

16. Tsubakihara Y, Nishi S, Akiba T, et al. 2008 Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy: Guidelines for Renal Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease, Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis 2010; 14(3):240–275. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-9987.2010.00836.x.

17. Gil A, Tratado de Nutrición, Segunda edición. ed. Panamericana, Madrid, 2010. Tomo I, pag: 483-87.

18. Spector R, Nutrient transport systems in brain: 40 years of progress. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2009; 111: 315-20. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06326.x.

19. Mack W, Mocco J, A cerebroprotective dose of intravenous citrate/sorbitol-stabilized Dehydrosacorbic acid is correlated with increased cerebral ascorbic acid and inhibited lipid peroxidation after murine reperfused stroke. Neurosurgery, 2006; 59(2): 383-88. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000223496.96945.A7.

20. Huang J, Agus D. Dehydroascorbic acid, a blood-brain barrier transportable form of vitamin C, mediates potent cerebroprotection in experimental stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2001; 98(20): 11720-724. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.171325998.

21. National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids, 2000, National Academy Press, Washington D.C. Pag: 95-185. Disponible en: http://dx.crossref.org/10.17226/9810.

22. Levine M, Cantillena C. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: Evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 1996, 93: 3704-09. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.8.3704.

23. Wintergerst E, Maggini S. Immune-Enhancing Role of Vitamin C and Zinc and Effect on Clinical Conditions. Ann Nutr Metab 2006;50: 85–94. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1159/000090495.

24. Wintergerst E, Maggini S. Contribution of Selected Vitamins and Trace Elements to Immune Function. Ann Nutr Metab 2007;51: 301–323. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1159/000107673.

25. Douglas RM, Hemilä H, Chalker E, Treacy B. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 18 de julio de 2007;(3):CD000980. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4.

26. Hemilä H, Louhiala P. Vitamin C for preventing and treating pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 8 de agosto de 2013;(8):CD005532. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005532.pub3.

27. Cameron E, Pauling L. Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1976; 73(10): 3685-3689. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.73.10.3685.

28. Casciari J, Riordan N. Cytotoxicity of ascorbate, lipoic acid, and other antioxidants in hollow fibre in vitro tumours. British Journal of Cancer, 2001; 84(11): 1544-1550. Disponible en: https://dx.doi.org/10.1054%2Fbjoc.2001.1814.

29. Laurent A, Nicco C, Chéreau C. Controlling tumor growth by modulating endogenous production of reactive oxygen species. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 948-956. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705895.         [ Links ]

30. Schwartz. The dual roles of nutrients as antioxidants and prooxidants: Their effects on tumor cell growth. Journal of Nutrition 1996, 126: 1221S-1227S. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/126.suppl_4.1221S.

31. Duarte T, Almeida G, Jones G. Investigation of the role of extracellular H2O2 and transition metal ions in the genotoxic action of ascorbic acid in cell culture models. Toxicology Letters 2007, 170: 57–65.         [ Links ]

32. Chen Q, Graham M, Pharmacologic ascorbic acid concentrations selectively kill cancer cells: Action as a pro-drug to deliver hydrogen peroxide to tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2005; 102(38):13604-609. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506390102.

33. Ohno S, Ohno Y. High-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer. Anticancer Res, 2009; 29(3): 809-15 . Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414313.         [ Links ]

34. Robert A. Gatenby, Robert J, Why do cancers have high aerobic glycolysis?, Nature reviews cancer 2004, 4(11): 891-9. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1478.

35. Vera JC, Rivas C, Hua R, Human, HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells transport dehydroascorbic acid via the glucose transporters and accumulate reduced ascorbic acid. Blood 1994, 84: 1628-34. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8068952.         [ Links ]

36. Gillberg L, Orskov A, Liu M, et al, Vitamin C – a new player in regulation of the cancer epigenome, Seminars in Cancer Biology 2018;51: 59-67. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.11.001.

37. Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Creagan ET, High-dose vitamin C versus placebo in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer who have had no prior chemotherapy. A randomized double-blind comparison, N Engl J Med. 1985, 17; 312(3):137-41. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198501173120301.

38. Hoffer J, Robitaille L, Zakarian R, High-Dose Intravenous Vitamin C Combined with Cytotoxic Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Phase I-II Clinical Trial L. PLoS One. 2015; 10(4): e0120228. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120228.

39. Hu F, Changxing J, Yi W, Retinol, vitamins A, C, and E and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Cancer Causes Control 2011, 22: 1383–96. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-011-9811-y.

40. Greenlee H, Hershman D, Jacobson J, Use of antioxidant supplements during breast cancer treatment: a comprehensive review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009, 115: 437–452. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-008-0193-0.

41. Papaioannou D, Cooper K, Carroll C, Antioxidants in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer and colorectal adenomas in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis 2011; 13(10): 1085-99. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1318.2010.02289.x.

42. Myung S-K, Ju W, Kim SC, Vitamin or antioxidant intake (or serum level) and risk of cervical neoplasm: a meta analysis. International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2011; 118(11): 1285-91. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183395.

43. Caraballoso M, Sacristan M, Serra C, et al. Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009 [CD002141]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002141.

44. Murdeach R, Modulation of oxidant stress in vivo in chronic cigarette smokers. Circulation, 1996; 94(1): 19-25. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.94.1.19.

45. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 [CD007176]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2.

46. Steven C. Rumsey, Oran K, Glucose transporter isoforms GLUT1 and GLUT3 transport dehydroascorbic acid, The journal of Biological Chemistry, 1997; 272(30): 18982-989. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.30.18982.

47. Price K, Price S, Hyperglicemia induced latent scurvy and atherosclerosis: The Scorbutic metaplasia Hypothesis, Medical Hypotheses, 1996; 46: 119-29. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-9877(96)90011-0.

48. Montel-Hagen A, Kinet S, Erythrocite Glut 1 triggers Dehydroascorbic acid uptake in mammals unable to synthesize vitamin C, Cell, 2008; 132(21): 1039-48. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.042.

49. Lopes de Jesus C, Atallah A, Valente O. Vitamin C and superoxide dismutase (SOD) for diabetic retinopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009 [CD006695]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006695.pub2.

50. Inoue T, Komoda H. Tropical fruit camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Journal of Cardiology. October 2008; 52, Issue 2: 127-132. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2008.06.004.

Contribuciones de autoría: El autor participó en la génesis de la idea, diseño de proyecto, recolección, análisis de la información y preparación del manuscrito del presente trabajo de investigación.

Financiamiento: Autofinanciado.

Conflicto de interés: El autor declara no tener conflicto de interés en la publicación de este artículo.

Correspondencia:
Edwin Rolando Castillo Velarde
Dirección: Universidad Ricardo Palma, Facultad de Medicina, Lima-Perú
Teléfono: (00511) 3242983
Correo: edwin.castillo@urp.edu.pe

Recibido: 20 de junio 2019
Aprobado: 25 de agosto 2019

Dosis De Vitamina C Intravenosa

Source: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2308-05312019000400014

Fashion

Sport

Hotels

banner